Hi Moritz:
Yes, events (and venues and organizers) exist as custom post types and can be retrieved via get_posts(), WP_Query and various other helpers provided by our own plugins.
Events Calendar PRO also provides additional fields functionality that takes traditional custom post fields to a new level – with special-purpose fields for things like radio buttons, checkboxs and URLs (though you can of course use regular custom fields if you prefer).
I hope that answers your questions but please let me know if I can help with anything else.